One of the architectural options that marks out the skyline of Haarlem, a small Dutch metropolis, is a 37.6m-high dome, crowning a rotunda. You may assume it was constructed for spiritual functions – till you discover the bars masking its 230 home windows.
Working as a jail from 1899 till 2016, the Koepelgevangenis (“dome jail”) is certainly one of three panoptic penitentiaries constructed within the Netherlands. All had been shut down up to now decade as a part of the nation’s drive to scale back its jail inhabitants and at the moment are being repurposed as arts venues.
Haarlem’s Koepel opened as a cultural hub in 2022, due to a grassroots initiative led by the native inhabitants. “So many people Haarlemers had been biking across the dome for years, however nobody might go in,” says Jacqueline van de Sande, co-founder of the Koepel Basis, the organisation behind the constructing’s transformation. “We wanted to open it up.”
As you step inside, you’re instantly struck by the vastness of the open area, bathed in daylight streaming via the dome’s 16 unique skylight home windows. A restaurant fills the bottom flooring with chatter. Above, almost all the previous cells are being rented. There’s a podcast studio, artwork college ateliers and gallery areas, whereas the darkened cinema bar gives a extra intimate attraction.
The Koepel’s transformation is a far cry from the design’s darkish historical past. The panopticon dates again to the 1700s, first envisioned by British thinker Jeremy Bentham. Round prisons with a central guard tower meant prisoners might really feel as in the event that they had been being watched, with out actually realizing whether or not they had been or not.
On the time, the British empire shipped convicts to Australia. Packed on to disease-ridden ships, many died on the journey. The panopticon was introduced as a humane different, the place prisoners had been fed, stored heat, and “cared for” as they laboured.
“Bentham thought this could trigger the prisoners to study to like their work,” says Tim Causer, a principal analysis fellow at UCL’s Bentham Undertaking. “However the psychological terror of considering you’re being watched always, I think about, would by no means depart you.”
Within the Seventies, French thinker Michel Foucault highlighted the violence inherent within the design, deeming it a “laboratory of energy”. Extra just lately, the ominous constructions have ignited the imaginations of sci-fi creators – depicted as inescapable citadels in Star Wars: The Clone Wars, and Marvel’s Guardians of the Galaxy. “The panopticon is a really highly effective metaphor for surveillance,” provides Causer. “The constructing is all the time there, haunting you.”
Few panopticonic constructions had been ever constructed. None had been constructed within the UK; remoted examples can nonetheless be present in deserted websites in Cuba and the US. However the Netherlands has emerged because the unwitting “heartland” of panopticon design. The three well-preserved constructions in Haarlem, Breda and Arnhem had been engineered by Dutch architect Johan Frederik Metzelaar and his son Willem Cornelis, within the late Eighties. They praised Bentham’s design for limiting interactions between prisoners, who had been in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.
After its closure as a jail, the Koepel was briefly repurposed to deal with Syrian refugees whereas the Dutch authorities sought to promote the constructing. Nevertheless, its bleak design, darkish environment and staggering heating prices of €400,000 a 12 months made it unappealing. “The state was anxious it wouldn’t promote,” recollects van de Sande. Decided to discover a answer, she referred to as builders, universities, museums and organisations to garner assist for the undertaking.
The muse finally received the cooperation of the Haarlem municipality, permitting them to amass the €6.5m property and embark on a €25m renovation undertaking. With out modifying the protected construction of the constructing, they had been permitted to place further home windows in every cell, add a cinema within the basement and improve insulation and heating programs, slashing payments by 90%. It’s now present process additional improvement with a lodge, scholar lodging and an escape room deliberate, setting a blueprint for the opposite Dutch panopticons.
The Arnhem panopticon, acquired by Q Hospitality Group, is at present present process reconstruction with plans to remodel the dome right into a multi-function occasion area and lodge. Breda, collectively acquired by Being and VDD Undertaking Growth, is ready to open in 2028. The revamped three-hectare website contains non-public housing across the dome, with the panopticon remodeled into an exhibition area for audio-visual initiatives.
“It’s a giant, open area. The place can you discover that in historic metropolis centres?” says Bas van Dam, the founding father of Being. “There’s an obligation to present new life to locations like this.”
The group cite Tokyo’s Teamlab and Paris’ CultureSpace as reference factors for progressive immersive exhibition areas. Nevertheless, whereas these ventures have confronted criticism for exploiting artwork as overpriced, Instagrammable experiences, the Being/VDD group maintains that their imaginative and prescient for the Koepel prioritises cultural worth above monetary acquire. Personal housing will drive rentability, whereas the panopticon will stay accessible.
“We’re going to make investments some huge cash within the dome as an artwork centre,” stresses Lauranne Snick, VDD’s head of acquisition. “It’s not going be a brilliant industrial, worthwhile area. The compensation must go elsewhere.”
They’ve already spoken to inventive companions who may wish to use the area together with Belgian competition Tomorrowland. “As a jail, it was an area the place you didn’t wish to be and couldn’t depart. We’re going to show that round,” says van Dam. “You gained’t wish to depart.”
Again in Haarlem, the refurbishment has generated a whole bunch of jobs and the constructing welcomes as much as 1,500 guests day by day. But if its multi-purpose environment feels uplifting, ventures like jail escape rooms (a function in each Haarlem and Arnhem) threat trivialising the constructing’s darkish previous.
Some of the placing experiences is a historic one, in a cell subsequent to the principle entrance, which measures simply 4×2.5m. On the wall, panels describe the lifetime of Hannie Schaft, one of many few feminine armed resistance fighters within the Netherlands, whose process was to determine and liquidate traitors. She was caught in March 1945 and imprisoned within the Koepel, earlier than being taken to Amsterdam and executed aged 24.
Sophie Poldermans, the writer of a guide about Schaft’s life referred to as Seducing and Killing Nazis, stresses the significance of this small exhibit: “So individuals are conscious, not solely of Schaft’s story however the truth it was a jail. You may nonetheless really feel that vitality, despite the fact that it’s now a a lot lighter area.” Nonetheless, as a Haarlemer herself, she is thrilled to see the enigmatic dome acquire a brand new life. “It’s an icon. And it’s stunning.”
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